PC AIDE

Computer Software

2008-04-18T01:52:00.000-07:00

Computer software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system. The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.

www.wikipedia.org

Computer Hardware

2008-04-18T01:48:00.000-07:00

Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and hardware data, which are "soft" in the sense that they are readily created, modified or erased on the computer. Firmware is a special type of software that rarely, if ever, needs to be changed and so is stored on hardware devices such as read-only memory (ROM) where it is not readily changed (and is, therefore, "firm" rather than just "soft").

www.wikipedia.org

Default Logins and Passwords for Networked Devices

2008-04-14T20:52:00.000-07:00

Manufacturer	Model	OS Version	Login	Password
3Com	-	1.25	root	letmein
3Com	Super Stack 2 Switch	Any	manager	manager
3Com	AccessBuilder® 7000 BRI	Any	-	-
3Com	CoreBuilder 2500	-	-	-
3Com	Switch 3000/3300	-	manager	manager
3Com	Switch 3000/3300	-	admin	admin
3Com	Switch 3000/3300	-	security	security
3Com	Cable Managment System SQL Database (DOSCIC DHCP)	Win2000 & MS	DOCSIS_APP	3Com
3Com	NAC (Network Access Card)	-	adm	none
3Com	HiPer ARC Card	v4.1.x of HA	adm	none
3Com	CoreBuilder 6000	-	debug	tech
3Com	CoreBuilder 7000	-	tech	tech
3Com	SuperStack II Switch 2200	-	debug	synnet
3Com	SuperStack II Switch 2700	-	tech	tech
3Com	SuperStack / CoreBuilder	-	admin	-
3Com	SuperStack / CoreBuilder	-	read	-
3Com	SuperStack / CoreBuilder	-	write	-
3Com	LinkSwitch and CellPlex	-	tech	tech
3Com	LinkSwitch and CellPlex	-	debug	synnet
3Com	Superstack II 3300FX	-	admin	-
3Com	Switch 3000/3300	-	Admin	3Com
3Com	3ComCellPlex7000	-	tech	tech
3Com	Switch 3000/3300	-	monitor	monitor
3Com	AirConnect Access Point	n/a	-	comcomcom
3Com	Superstack II Dual Speed 500	-	security	security
3Com	OfficeConnect 5x1	at least 5.x	-	PASSWORD
3Com	SuperStack 3 Switch 3300XM	-	admin	-
3Com	Super Stack 2 Switch	Any	manager	manager
3Com	SuperStack II Switch 1100	-	manager	manager
3Com	SuperStack II Switch 1100	-	security	security
3Com	super stack 2 switch	any	manager	manager
3Com	Office Connect Remote 812	-	root	!root
3Com	Switch 3000/3300	-	admin	admin
3Com	OCR-812	-	-	-
3Com	-	-	-	-
3Com	NBX100	2.8	administrator	0000
3Com	Home Connect	-	User	Password
3Com	OfficeConnect 5x1	at least 5.x	estheralastruey	-
3Com	SuperStack II Switch 3300	-	manager	manager
3Com	Superstack	-	-	-
ACC	Routers	-	netman	netman
Acc/Newbridge	Congo/Amazon/Tigris	All versions	netman	netman
Acc/Newbridge	Congo/Amazon/Tigris	All versions	netman	netman
adaptec	-	-	-	-
Adaptec RAID	Storage Manager Pro	All	Administrator	adaptec
adtran	tsu 600 ethernet module	-	18364	-
Adtran	TSU 120 e	-	-	ADTRAN
Adtran	TSU 120 e	-	-	ADTRAN
Aironet	All	-
alcatel	-	-	-	-
Alcatel	1000 ANT	Win98	-	-
alcatel	speed touch home	-	-	-
Alcatel/Newbridge/Timestep	VPN Gateway 15xx/45xx/7xxx	Any	root	permit
Alcatel/Newbridge/Timestep	VPN Gateway 15xx/	Any	root	permit
Alcatel/Newbridge/Timestep	VPN Gateway 15xx/	Any	root	permit
Allied Tenysin	R130	-	Manager	friend
Alteon	ACEswitch 180e (telnet)	-	admin	blank
Alteon Web Systems	All hardware releases	Web OS 5.2	none	admin
APC	MasterSwitches	-	apc	apc
APC	Any	Firmware Pri	apcuser	apc
Apple	Network Assistant	3.X	None	xyzzy
Apple	Airport	1.1	none	public
Arrowpoint	any?	-	admin	system
Ascend	All TAOS models	all	admin	Ascend
Ascend	Pipeline Terminal Server	-	answer	-
Ascom	Timeplex Routers	Any	See notes	-
AT&T	Starlan SmartHUB	9.9	N/A	manager
AWARD	Any BIOS	-	AWARD_SW	-
Axent	NetProwler manager	WinNT	administrator	admin
Axis	NPS 530	5.02	root	pass
AXIS	StorPoint CD100	4.28	root	pass
AXIS	200 V1.32	-	admin	-
Axis	2100 Network Camera	Linux (ETRAX	root	pass
bay	cv1001003	-	-	-
bay	-	-	-	-
Bay	-	-	-	-
Bay / Nortel	ARN	13.20	Manager (caps count !)	-
Bay Network Routers	All	-	User	-
Bay Networks	ASN / ARN Routers	Any	Manager	Manager
Bay Networks	Baystack	-	-	NetICs
Bay/Nortel Networks	Accelar 1xxx switches	Any	rwa	rwa
Bay/Nortel Networks	Remote Annex 2000	Any	admin	IP address
BEA	Weblogic	5.1	system	weblogic
BEA	-	-	-	-
bewan	-	-	-	-
Bintec	all Routers	Any	admin	bintec
Bintec	-	-	-	-
Biodata	BIGfire & BIGfire+	all	-	biodata
Biodata	all Babylon-Boxes	all	-	Babylon
Borland	interbase	-	-	-
Borland	Interbase	Any	politcally	correct
Borland/Inprise	Interbase	any	SYSDBA	masterkey
BreezeCom	AP10, SA10	BreezeNET PR	-	-
BreezeCOM	Station Adapter and Access Point	4.x	-	Super
BreezeCOM	-	3.x	-	Master
BreezeCOM	Station Adapter and Access Point	2.x	-	laflaf
Brocade	Silkworm	-	admin	password
Buffalo/MELCO	AirStation WLA-L11	-	root (cannot be changed)	(no password by default)
Cabletron	any	any	--	--
Cabletron	NB Series	Any	-	inuvik49
Cabletron routers and switches	*	*	blank	blank
Cayman	3220-H DSL Router	GatorSurf 5.	Any	-
celerity	-	-	-	-
Chase Research	Iolan+	-	-	iolan
Cisco	Any Router and Switch	10 thru 12	cisco	cisco
Cisco	ConfigMaker Software	any?	n/a	cmaker
CISCO	Network Registrar	3.0	ADMIN	changeme
CISCO	N/A	N/A	pixadmin	pixadmin
Cisco	routers	Not sure...j	-	san-fran
Cisco	VPN 3000 Concentrator	-	admin	admin
Cisco	Net Ranger 2.2.1	Sol 5.6	root	attack
cisco	1600	12.05	-	-
cisco	1601	-	-	-
cisco	-	-	-	-
cisco	-	-	-	-
Cisco	MGX	*	superuser	superuser
cisco	1601	-	-	-
cisco	-	-	-	-
Cisco	-	-	-	-
cisco	-	-	-	-
Cisco	any	aany IOS	no default login	no default password
CISCO	arrowpoint	-	-	-
cisco	-	-	-	-
cisco	-	-	-	-
cisco	-	-	-	-
Cisco	2503	-	-	-
Cisco	-	-	-	-
cisco	-	-	-	-
Cisco	IDS (netranger)	-	root	attack
cisco	-	-	-	-
cisco	1600	-	-	-
CMOS BIOS	-	-	-	ESSEX or IPC
Cobalt	RaQ * Qube*	Any	admin	admin
Com21	-	-	-	-
Comersus Shopping Cart	3.2	Win 95/98/NT	admin	dmr99
Compaq	Insight Manager	-	Administrator	administrator
Compaq	Insight Manager	-	operator	operator
Compaq	Management Agents	All	administrator	none
compaq	-	-	-	-
copper mountain	-	-	-	-
Coppercom	-	-	-	-
Coyote-Point	Equaliser 4	Free BSD	eqadmin - Serial port only	equalizer
Coyote-Point	Equaliser 4	Free BSD	root - Serial port only	-
Coyote-Point	Equaliser 4	Free BSD	look - Web Browser only (Read a	look
Coyote-Point	Equaliser 4	Free BSD	touch - Web Browser only (Write	touch
Cyclades	MP/RT	-	super	surt
D-Link	DI-704	-	-	admin
D-Link	DI-701	2.22 (?)	-	-
Dell	PowerVault 50F	WindRiver (E	root	calvin
Dell	PowerVault 35F	-	root	calvin
Dell	Powerapp Web 100 Linux	RedHat 6.2	root	powerapp
dell	-	-	-	-
Digiboard	Portserver 8 & 16	any	root	dbps
DLink	DI-206 ISDN router	1.*	Admin	Admin
Dlink	Dl-106 ISDN router	-	-	1234
DLink	DL-701 Cable/DSL Gateway/Firewall	-	-	year2000
Dlink	DFE-538TX 10/100 Adapter	Windows 98	-	-
dlink	di704	-	-	admin
DLink	DI 106	winnt	administrator	@*nigU^D.ha,;
Dupont Digital Water Proofer	Sun Sparc	any	root	par0t
eci	-	-	-	-
Efficient	-	-	-	-
Elron	Firewall	2.5c	hostname/ip address	sysadmin
emai	hotmail	-	-	-
Ericsson	ACC	-	netman	netman
Ericsson (formerly ACC)	Any router	all	netman	netman
Extended Systems	ExtendNet 4000 / Firewall	all Versions	admin	admin
Extended Systems	Print Servers	-	admin	extendnet
Extreme	All Summits	-	admin	-
extreme	black diamond	-	-	-
Extreme	All	All	Admin	-
Flowpoint	144, 2200 DSL Routers	ALL	-	password
FlowPoint	144, 2200 DSL Routers	ALL	-	admin
Flowpoint	2200	-	-	Serial Num
Flowpoint	2200	-	-	Serial Num
fore	-	-	-	-
Fore Systems	ASX 1000/1200	6.x	ami	-
Foundry Networks	ServerIronXL	Any	-	-
fujitsu	l460	-	-	-
Future Networks	FN 110C Docsis cablemodem	Any	-	-
gatway	solo9100	win95	-	-
General Instruments	SB2100D Cable Modem	-	test	test
gonet	-	-	fast	abd234
Hewlett Packard	HP Jetdirect (All Models)	Any	none	none
Hewlett Packard	MPE-XL	-	HELLO	MANAGER.SYS
Hewlett Packard	MPE-XL	-	HELLO	MGR.SYS
Hewlett Packard	MPE-XL	-	HELLO	FIELD.SUPPORT
Hewlett Packard	MPE-XL	-	MGR	CAROLIAN
Hewlett Packard	MPE-XL	-	MGR	CCC
Hewlett Packard	MPE-XL	-	OPERATOR	COGNOS
Hewlett Packard	MPE-XL	-	MANAGER	HPOFFICE
hp	4150	-	-	-
hp	-	-	-	-
IBM	AS/400	-	qsecofr	qsecofr
IBM	AS/400	-	qsysopr	qsysopr
IBM	AS/400	-	qpgmr	qpgmr
IBM	NetCommerce PRO	3.2	ncadmin	ncadmin
IBM	LAN Server / OS/2	2.1, 3.0, 4.	username	password
IBM	2210	RIP	def	trade
IBM	DB2	WinNT	db2admin	db2admin
IBM	Lotus Domino Go WebServer (net.commerce edition)	ANY ?	webadmin	webibm
IBM	AS400	Any	QSECOFR	QSECOFR
IBM	RS/6000	AIX	root	ibm
IBM	-	OS/400	QSECOFR	QSECOFR
IBM	AS400	-	QSRVBAS	QSRVBAS
IBM	AS400	-	QSRV	QSRV
ibm	as400	-	-	-
IBM	AS/400	OS/400	QUSER	QUSER
IBM	AS/400	-	-	-
IBM	ra6000	AIX Unix	-	-
IBM	AIX	-	-	-
Imperia Software	Imperia Content Managment System	Unix/NT	superuser	superuser
Intel	510T	Any	-	admin
Intel	All Routers	All Versions	-	babbit
Intel	All Routers	All Versions	-	babbit
Intel	Intel PRO/Wireless 2011 Wireless LAN Access Point	Any	-	Intel
Intel	wireless lan access Point	-	-	comcomcom
Ipswitch	Whats up Gold 6.0	Windows 9x a	admin	admin
janta sales	254	compaq	janta sales	janta211
janta sales	254	compaq	janta sales	janta211
Jetform	Jetform_design	-	Jetform	-
Kawa	-	-	-	-
LANCAST	-	-	-	-
Lantronix	LPS1-T Print Server	j11-16	any	system
Lantronix	MSS100, MSSVIA, UDS10	Any	-	system
Lantronix	LSB4	any	any	system
Lantronix	Printer and terminalservers	-	-	system
LGIC	Goldstream	2.5.1	LR-ISDN	LR-ISDN
Linkou School	-	-	bill	bill
Linkou School	-	-	bill	bill
Linksys	Cable/DSL router	Any	-	admin
Linksys	BEFSR7(1) OR (4)	Standalone R	blank	admin
linksys	-	-	-	-
Linksys	BEFSR41	-	(blank)	admin
Livingston	Livingston_portmaster2/3	-	!root	blank
Livingston	Livingston_officerouter	-	!root	blank
Lucent	Portmaster 2	-	!root	none
Lucent	Cajun Family	-	root	root
lucent	Portmaster 3	unknown	!root	!ishtar
Lucent	Packetstar (PSAX)	-	readwrite	lucenttech1
Lucent	AP-1000	-	public	public
lucent	dsl	-	-	-
lucent	-	-	-	-
macromedia	freehand	9	-	-
MacSense	X-Router Pro	-	admin	admin
mcafee	-	-	-	-
microcom	hdms	unknowen	system	hdms
Micron	-	bios	-	-
Microrouter (Cisco)	Any	Any	-	letmein
Microrouter (Cisco)	Any	Any	-	letmein
Microsoft	Windows NT	All	Administrator	-
Microsoft	Windows NT	All	Guest	-
Microsoft	Windows NT	All	Mail	-
Microsoft	SQL Server	-	sa	-
Microsoft	Windows NT	4.0	pkoolt	pkooltPS
Microsoft	NT	-	-	start
MICROSOFT	NT	4.0	free user	user
Microsoft	Windows NT	4.0	admin	admin
MICROSOFT	NT	4.0	free user	user
Microsoft	-	-	-	-
microsoft	-	-	-	-
Microsoft	Ms proxy 2.0	-	-	-
microsoft	-	-	-	-
mICROSOFT	-	-	-	-
Microsoft	Key Managment Server	Windows NT 4	-	password
Microsoft	-	-	-	-
Motorola	Motorola-Cablerouter	-	cablecom	router
Motorola	Motorola-Cablerouter	-	cablecom	router
motorola	cyber surfer	-	-	-
msdloto	msdloto	-	-	-
msdloto	-	-	-	-
Multi-Tech	RASExpress Server	5.30a	guest	none
Nanoteq	NetSeq firewall	*	admin	NetSeq
NetApp	NetCache	any	admin	NetCache
Netgaer	RH328	-	-	1234
Netgear	RH348	-	-	1234
Netgear	ISDN-Router RH348	-	-	1234
Netgear	RT311	Any	Admin	1234
Netgear	RT314	Any	Admin	1234
Netgear	RT338	-	-	1234
Netgear	RT311/RT314	-	admin	1234
netgear	-	-	-	-
netlink	rt314	-	-	-
Netopia	R7100	4.6.2	admin	admin
Netopia	455	v3.1
Netscreen	NS-5, NS10, NS-100	2.0	netscreen	netscreen
NeXT	-	NeXTStep 3.3	me	-
Nokia - Telecom NZ	M10	-	Telecom	Telecom
Nortel	Meridian 1 PBX	OS Release 2	0000	0000
Nortel	Contivity Extranet Switches	2.x	admin	setup
Nortel	Norstar Modular ICS	Any	ADMIN (23646)	ADMIN (23646)
Nortel	Norstar Modular ICS	Any	**CONFIG (266344)	CONFIG (266344)
Nortel Networks (Bay)	Instant Internet	Any	-	-
Northern Telecom(Nortel)	Meridian 1	-	-	m1link
Novell	NetWare	Any	guest	-
Novell	NetWare	any	PRINT	-
Novell	NetWare	Any	LASER	-
Novell	NetWare	Any	HPLASER	-
Novell	NetWare	Any	PRINTER	-
Novell	NetWare	Any	LASERWRITER	-
Novell	NetWare	Any	POST	-
Novell	NetWare	Any	MAIL	-
Novell	NetWare	Any	GATEWAY	-
Novell	NetWare	Any	GATE	-
Novell	NetWare	Any	ROUTER	-
Novell	NetWare	Any	BACKUP	-
Novell	NetWare	Arcserve	CHEY_ARCHSVR	WONDERLAND
Novell	NetWare	Any	WINDOWS_PASSTHRU	-
novell	-	-	-	-
ODS	1094 IS Chassis	4.x	ods	ods
Optivision	Nac 3000 & 4000	any	root	mpegvideo
Oracle	8i	8.1.6	sys	change_on_install
Oracle	Internet Directory Service	any	cn=orcladmin	welcome
Oracle	7 or later	-	system	manager
Oracle	7 or later	-	sys	change_on_install
Oracle	7 or later	Any	Scott	Tiger
Oracle	8i	all	internal	oracle
oracle	-	-	-	-
oracle	-	-	-	-
oracle co.	Database engines	every	sys	change_on_install
Osicom(Datacom)	Osicom(Datacom)	-	sysadm	sysadm
Pandatel	EMUX	all	admin	admin
PlainTree	Waveswitch 100	-	-	default.password
RapidStream	RS4000-RS8000	Linux	rsadmin	rsadmin
realtek	8139	-	-	-
Remedy	Any	Any	Demo	-
Research Machines	Classroom Assistant	Windows 95	manager	changeme
Rodopi	Rodopi billing software 'AbacBill' sql database	-	rodopi	rodopi
Samba	SWAT Package	Linux	Any Local User	Local User password
schoolgirl	member	-	ich	hci
Securicor3NET	Monet	any	manager	friend
Securicor3NET	Cezzanne	any	manager	friend
SGI	all	all	root	n/a
SGI	Embedded Support Partner	IRIX 6.5.6	Administrator	Partner
SGI	IRIX	ALL	lp	lp
SGI	IRIX	ALL	OutOfBox, demos, guest, 4DGifts	(none by default)
SGI	IRIX	ALL	EZsetup	-
Shiva	LanRover	any?	root	-
Shiva	AccessPort	Any	hello	hello
Shiva	Any?	-	Guest	blank
SMC	Barricade	-	-	admin
soho	nbg800	unknown	admin	1234
Solaris	-	-	-	-
sonic wall	any firewall device	admin	password	-
SonicWall	Any Firewall Device	-	admin	password
SpeedStream	-	-	-	-
Spider Systems	M250 / M250L	-	-	hello
Sprint PCS	SCH2000	see notes	Menu - 8 - 0 (see notes)	040793
Ssangyoung	SR2501	-	-	2501
Sun	-	SunOS 4.1.4	root	-
Sun	-	Solaris	-	-
surecom	ep3501/3506	own os	admin	surecom
Symnatec	-	-	-	-
SysKonnect	6616	-	default.password	-
SysKonnect	6616	-	default.password	-
Tekelec	Eagle STP	-	eagle	eagle
Telebit	netblazer 3.*	-	setup/snmp	setup/nopasswd
Terayon	TeraLink Getaway	-	admin	password
Terayon	TeraLink 1000 Controller	-	admin	password
Terayon	TeraLink 1000 Controller	-	user	password
Terayon	TeraLink Getaway	-	user	password
terayon	-	6.29	admin	nms
Terrayon	-	-	-	-
Titbas	-	SCO	haasadm	lucy99
TopLayer	AppSwitch 2500	Any	siteadmin	toplayer
Toshiba	TR-650	V2.01.00	admin	tr650
toshiba	480cdt	-	-	-
toshiba	-	-	-	-
TrendMicro	ISVW (VirusWall)	any	admin	admin
Trintech	eAcquirer App/Data Servers	-	t3admin	Trintech
Ullu ka pattha	Gand mara	Gandoo	Bhosda	Lund
USR	TOTALswitch	Any	none	amber
Vina Technologies	ConnectReach	3.6.2	(none)	(none)
voy	-	-	-	-
WatchGuard	FireBox	3-4.6	-	wg (touch password)
Webmin	Webmin	Any Unix/Lin	admin	-
Webramp	410i etc...	-	wradmin	trancell
Win2000	Quick Time 4.0	Englisch	-	-
Windows 98 se	98 se	-	-	-
Wireless Inc.	WaveNet 2458	n/a	root	rootpass
Xylan	Omnistack 1032CF	3.2.8	admin	password
Xylan	Omnistack 4024	3.4.9	admin	password
Xylan	Omniswitch	3.1.8	admin	switch
xyplex	mx-16xx	-	setpriv	system
Zyxel	ISDN-Router Prestige 1000	-	-	1234
zyxel	prestige 300 series	zynos 2.*	-	1234
Zyxel	ISDN Router Prestige 100IH	-	-	1234
Zyxel	prestige 300 series	any	-	-
Zyxel	prestige 600 series	any	-	-
ZYXEL	641 ADSL	-	-	1234
Zyxel	prestige 128 modem-router	any	-	1234
Zyxel	ISDN-Router Prestige 1000	-	-	-
Zyxel	ISDN-Router Prestige 1000	-	-	-
zyxel	-	-	-	-

Cisco Router Configuration Commands

Boot

2008-04-13T22:33:00.000-07:00

"To boot up" a computer is to load an operating system into the computer's main memory or random access memory (RAM). Once the operating system is loaded (and, for example, on a PC, you see the initial Windows or Mac desktop screen), it's ready for users to run applications. Sometimes you'll see an instruction to "reboot" the operating system. This simply means to reload the operating system (the most familiar way to do this on PCs is pressing the Ctrl, Alt, and Delete keys at the same time).

Operating System

2008-04-13T22:29:00.000-07:00

An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications or application programs. The application programs make use of the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a graphical user interface (GUI).

File Allocation Table (FAT)

2008-04-13T22:21:00.000-07:00

A table that the operating systems uses to locate files on a disk. Due to fragmentation, a file may be divided into many sections that are scattered around the disk. The FAT keeps track of all these pieces.

In DOS systems, FATs are stored just after the bootsector.

The FAT system for older versions of Windows 95 is called FAT16, and the one for new versions of Windows 95 and Windows 98 is called FAT 32.

Partition

2008-04-13T22:16:00.000-07:00

When referring to a computer hard disk drive, a partition is a segment of the hard drive that is separated from other portions of the hard disk drive. Partitions help enable users easily divide a computer hard disk drive into different drives and/or into different portions for multiple operating systems to run on the same drive.

With older file allocation tables, such as FAT 16, creating smaller partitions allows a computer hard disk drive to run more efficiently and save more disk space. However, with new file allocation tables, such as FAT32, this is no longer the case.

Creating and formatting a partition in Windows

2008-04-13T22:09:00.000-07:00

All hard disk management is done in the Disk Management Administrative Tool. Follow these steps to open this tool:

1. Click on the Start button and select the Control Panel option.

2. If in Classic control panel mode, double-click on the Administrative Tools icon and then double-click on Computer Management icon.

If your control panel is in the Category view, click on Performance and Maintenance, then click on Administrative Tools, and finally double-click on the Computer Management icon.

3. When the Computer Management screen opens, click on the Disk Management option under the Storage category. This will present you with a screen similar to the one below.

The Disk Management Screen

When you are in the disk management tool you will see a listing of your current hard drives and how they are partitioned. From the image above you can see that I have two hard disks installed. The first disk, Disc 0, has two partitions. One partition is a 24 GB NTFS partition that has been assigned the drive letter C:. The other partition on that drive is a 87 GB NTFS partition that has been assigned the drive letter E:. The other drive, has only one partition, the D: partition. The rest of the space, 26 GB, shows that it is unallocated and therefore can be used to make other partitions.

To make a partition from the unused space you would do the following.

1. Right click on the space listed as unallocated.

2. At the menu that comes up, click on the New Partition option.

3. You will now be presented with a wizard as to how you would like the partition to be created. At the first screen press Next.

4. At the following screen, determine if you need a primary or extended partition. For more information about these partitions you can read our partition tutorial listed above. Most people will be fine selecting Primary Partition. Select Primary Partition and press Next.

5. At the next screen you will be prompted to type in how much of the unallocated space you would like used for the new partition. Regardless, of what you decide, you need to enter a size in the Partition size in MB: field, or stick with the default size, and press the Next button.

6. At the next screen select the drive letter you would like assigned to it, or use the default one given. When done, press the Next button. The drive letter that you assign here will be how you access the partition later.

7. In this step you will determine how you would like the new partition to be formatted. For the most part you are advised to use the NTFS file system. If you need a file system that can be readable by older operating systems like DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98, or Windows ME, then you should instead choose the FAT32 file system.

8. Type a name in the Volume Label field that will be associated with this partition or leave it blank.

9. Finally press the Next button and you will come to a summary screen. Review how the partition will be created, and if you are satisfied, press the Finish button to complete the creation and formatting of your new hard disk partition.

When the computer finishes creating and formatting the new partition you will be presented with the Disk Management screen again and will see that you have a new partition and drive letter on your computer. Now you can use that drive to start storing your data.

Router

2008-04-13T20:12:00.000-07:00

A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LAN's or WANs or a LAN and its ISP's network. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect.

Routers use headears and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts.

Forgotten Router Password

2008-04-13T06:52:00.000-07:00

Try the default username and password before resetting the router to the factory defaults.

The router username is always admin
The default password is password or (for older routers) 1234

Default Logins and Passwords for Networked Devices

When a router resets, it goes back to the state when it was new — all information that was entered by hand is lost.

Reset for most routers with a reset button on the rear panel

Write down configuration information such as IP addresses, security keys, opened ports and services, etc., that you modified. (The default username is admin and the password is either password or 1234. Try these before resetting the router.)

Press the reset button on the back until the test light blinks. This takes about 10 seconds. (To avoid accidental resets, the small button is recessed. Use a pen or paperclip to access it.)
Release the button.
Wait for the router to reboot.
Log in with the default password.
If the router was not cleared, try these additional steps AFTER the router has finished rebooting.

Unplug the router's power.
Press and hold the reset button. While the button is held down, reconnect router's power.
Continue to hold the reset button for 20 seconds after reconnecting the power.
Wait for the router to reboot.
Log in with the default password.

Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors

2008-04-13T06:23:00.000-07:00

Files to Delete

2008-04-13T06:21:00.000-07:00

Disk Clean Up

2008-04-13T06:19:00.000-07:00

Workgroup name

2008-04-13T05:37:00.005-07:00

Network Settings

2008-04-13T05:37:00.004-07:00

Time Zone, Date & Time

2008-04-13T05:37:00.003-07:00

Computer Name and Administrator Password

2008-04-13T05:37:00.002-07:00

Product Key

2008-04-13T05:37:00.001-07:00

Your Name

2008-04-13T05:37:00.000-07:00

Region and Language

2008-04-13T05:36:00.000-07:00

Fill some Information

2008-04-13T05:34:00.000-07:00

After formatting

2008-04-13T05:33:00.001-07:00

After formatting

2008-04-13T05:30:00.000-07:00

Disk Defragmenter

2008-04-13T05:15:00.000-07:00

Disk Defragmenter is a computer program designed to increase access speed (and sometimes increase the amount of usable space) by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, or defragmenting. The purpose is to optimize the time it takes to read and write files to/from the disk by minimizing head travel time and maximizing the transfer rate.

Hard disk drive

2008-04-13T04:56:00.000-07:00

A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive," or "hard disk drive," that stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces. Today's computers typically come with a hard disk that contains several billion bytes (gigabytes) of storage.

A hard disk is really a set of stacked "disks," each of which, like phonograph records, has data recorded electromagnetically in concentric circles or "tracks" on the disk. A "head" (something like a phonograph arm but in a relatively fixed position) records (writes) or reads the information on the tracks. Two heads, one on each side of a disk, read or write the data as the disk spins.

Disk Clean Up

2008-04-13T04:53:00.000-07:00

Disk Cleanup is a computer maintenance utility included in Microsoft Windows designed to free up disk space on computer users' hard drive. The cleanup process firstly involves searching and analyzing the hard drive for files that are no longer of any use. It then proceeds to remove the unnecessary files, freeing up disk space on the hard drive. There are a number of different file categories that Disk Cleanup targets when performing the initial disk analysis:

* Compression of old files
* Temporary Internet files
* Temporary Windows files
* Downloaded Program files
* Recycle Bin
* Removal of unused applications or optional Windows components
* Setup Log files
* Offline files

Speed Up your PC

2008-04-12T07:49:00.004-07:00

Free up disk space

By freeing disk space, you can improve the performance of your computer. The Disk Cleanup tool helps you free up space on your hard disk. The utility identifies files that you can safely delete, and then enables you to choose whether you want to delete some or all of the identified files.

Use Disk Cleanup to:

•	Remove temporary Internet files.
•	Remove downloaded program files (such as Microsoft ActiveX controls and Java applets).
•	Empty the Recycle Bin.
•	Remove Windows temporary files.
•	Remove optional Windows components that you don't use.
•	Remove installed programs that you no longer use.

Typically, temporary Internet files take the most amount of space because the browser caches each page you visit for faster access later.

To use Disk Cleanup

1.	Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Disk Cleanup. If several drives are available, you might be prompted to specify which drive you want to clean.
2.	In the Disk Cleanup for dialog box, scroll through the content of the Files to delete list. Choose the files that you want to delete.
3.	Clear the check boxes for files that you don't want to delete, and then click OK.
4.	When prompted to confirm that you want to delete the specified files, click Yes.

After a few minutes, the process completes and the Disk Cleanup dialog box closes, leaving your computer cleaner and performing better.

Speed up access to data

Disk fragmentation slows the overall performance of your system. When files are fragmented, the computer must search the hard disk when the file is opened to piece it back together. The response time can be significantly longer.

Disk Defragmenter is a Windows utility that consolidates fragmented files and folders on your computer's hard disk so that each occupies a single space on the disk. With your files stored neatly end-to-end, without fragmentation, reading and writing to the disk speeds up.

When to run Disk Defragmenter
In addition to running Disk Defragmenter at regular intervals—monthly is optimal—there are other times you should run it too, such as when:

•	You add a large number of files.
•	Your free disk space totals 15 percent or less.
•	You install new programs or a new version of Windows.

To use Disk Defragmenter:

1. Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Disk Defragmenter.

	Image of the Disk Defragmenter dialog boxClick Analyze to start the Disk Defragmenter.
2.	In the Disk Defragmenter dialog box, click the drives that you want to defragment, and then click the Analyze button. After the disk is analyzed, a dialog box appears, letting you know whether you should defragment the analyzed drives. Tip: You should analyze a volume before defragmenting it to get an estimate of how long the defragmentation process will take.
3.	To defragment the selected drive or drives, click the Defragment button. Note: In Windows Vista, there is no graphical user interface to demonstrate the progress—but your hard drive is still being defragmented. After the defragmentation is complete, Disk Defragmenter displays the results.
4.	To display detailed information about the defragmented disk or partition, click View Report.
5.	To close the View Report dialog box, click Close.
6.	To close the Disk Defragmenter utility, click the Close button on the title bar of the window.

In addition to running Disk Cleanup and Disk Defragmenter to optimize the performance of your computer, you can check the integrity of the files stored on your hard disk by running the Error Checking utility.

As you use your hard drive, it can develop bad sectors. Bad sectors slow down hard disk performance and sometimes make data writing (such as file saving) difficult, or even impossible. The Error Checking utility scans the hard drive for bad sectors, and scans for file system errors to see whether certain files or folders are misplaced.

If you use your computer daily, you should run this utility once a week to help prevent data loss.

To run the Error Checking utility:

1.	Close all open files.
2.	Click Start, and then click My Computer.
3.	In the My Computer window, right-click the hard disk you want to search for bad sectors, and then click Properties.
4.	In the Properties dialog box, click the Tools tab.
5.	Click the Check Now button.
6.	In the Check Disk dialog box, select the Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors check box, and then click Start.
7.	If bad sectors are found, choose to fix them.

Only select the "Automatically fix file system errors" check box if you think that your disk contains bad sectors.

Format and Reinstall Windows

2008-04-12T07:49:00.003-07:00

Prepare Your Computer

Turn off your power supply and monitor. Unplug the power supply. Now unplug everything from the back of the computer. Take the left side (as you look at the front) of the computer case off. On some cases the top and sides are one piece, if so remove the whole thing. Vacuum the inside of the computer, especially around the fans. It may be necessary to remove the front cover to adequately clean in front of the front fan. A can of compressed air helps tremendously with this.

This is a great time to add any hardware!

Put it all back together. Plug everything back in. Turn on your power supply. Start up the computer and make sure everything works. Shut it off again.

Installation

Start your computer and insert the XP disk. If your computer supports booting from a CD you may need to change the bios startup options. The key you press to access the bios may differ depending on the make of your computer. Most use the DELETE key, if not then it will be one of the FUNCTION keys (F1, F2, etc.) Save changes and exit. If your computer does not support booting from CD then insert the first Windows XP floppy disk.

As the system boots you will see a message at the bottom of the screen:

"Press F6 if you need to install a 3rd party SCSI or RAID driver." If you do, follow the instructions.

Now setup begins. If you had another Operating System on your computer you will be asked what type of installation you want to perform. NEVER, EVER UPGRADE AN OPERATING SYSTEM!!! You will perform new installation.

Next comes the ever popular EULA, press F8 and move on.

If there are partitions on your drive press D to delete them. Then press C to create a new partition.

If you create or resize partitions BE CAREFUL, you will destroy data on other partitions if you do this. On a computer with a single hard drive I usually use a partition of around 10gb for Windows XP. I install the applications on the same drive and I use a backup program. It makes things easier. If you desire the utmost speed and efficiency, put Windows XP and the applications on a drive by itself with no other partitions. Given the size of hard drives these days this may be expensive and/or impractical. After pressing C the following screen will appear. Type in a size for your partition and press the Enter key.

If everything looks right, use the arrow key to highlight the correct partition (should be C:) and press the Enter key.

Format this partition using NTFS. Personally I think it's best not to use the "Quick" option. Using the standard option checks the disk for bad sectors. This will take a while. Some people have asked "I've heard that FAT32 is faster, why use NTFS?" First NTFS is only about 1-2% slower than FAT32 and only on drives/volumes 32GB in size or smaller. It is faster because of the overhead created by the security of NTFS. Second, you can eliminate the majority of that overhead by following my tweak guide. Third, the aforementioned security is exactly why you should use NTFS!

After formatting the setup files will be loaded and the system will reboot. At this point if you had a floppy in the drive then remove it.

As setup begins you'll be asked to fill in some info. Most are self-explanatory. Click on the Thumbnails for larger views if you desire.

Windows will ask for Region and Language (the default is U.S., English)

Your Name. First name will do.

Your CD shipped with a Product Key. Enter it now.

Computer Name and Administrator Password

Time Zone, Date & Time

Network Settings. Leave it as is.

Type in your workgroup name or leave as is if you don't have one.

Disk Defragmenter Utility

2008-04-12T07:49:00.001-07:00

As advanced as hard drives have become, one item they are not very good at is housekeeping, or maybe that should be drive keeping. When files are created, deleted, or modified it's almost a certainty they will become fragmented. Fragmented simply means the file is not stored in one place in its entirety, or what computer folks like to call a contiguous location. Different parts of the file are scattered across the hard disk in noncontiguous pieces. The more fragmented files there are on a drive, the more performance and reliability suffer as the drive heads have to search for all the pieces in different locations. The Disk Defragmenter Utility is designed to reorganize noncontiguous files into contiguous files and optimize their placement on the hard drive for increased reliability and performance.

Accessing Disk Defragmenter

Disk Defragmenter can be opened a number of different ways. The most common methods are listed below.

Start | All Programs | Accessories | System Tools | Disk Defragmenter
Start | Run | and type dfrg.msc in the Open line. Click OK
Start | Administrative Tools | Computer Management. Expand Storage and select Disk Defragmenter

The first two methods take you to a standalone window containing Disk Defragmenter. The last method opens Microsoft Management Console and displays Disk Defragmenter as one of the snap-in modules. In all cases, a window similar to the one below will be displayed.

When Disk Defragmenter first opens (Fig. 01) you'll see a list of the hard drives displayed at the top of the screen. The Estimated Disk Usage Before Defragmentation and Estimated Disk Usage After Defragmentation will be blank until a drive is selected and the Analyze button is clicked. In the screen shot above, I've already analyzed the drives as evidenced by the Session Status showing as Analyzed and the Estimated Disk Usage Before Defragmentation area containing a graphical representation of the drive fragmentation.

After the Analyze button has been clicked and the process completes the window shown above (Fig. 02) opens with a brief recommendation of what action Disk Defragmenter thinks should be taken regarding the drive. It's important to note that this is just a recommendation based on the percentage of fragmented files to total files and doesn't prevent the drive from being defragmented if you feel it needs to be done and might improve system performance. If you want to go ahead and defragment without more information, click the Defragment button. If you're in agreement with their recommendation and don't want to defragment, click the Close button. Click the View Report button to view a more detailed drive analysis.

An Analysis Report contains quite a bit of additional information about the selected drive. The report shown above (Fig. 03) details the File Fragmentation status of drive WXP02-D. The top pane provides Volume information, and as you can see there are 3,851 fragmented files. This may not seem like many fragmented files, but consider that this is only a 20GB drive, which is very small by today's standards, and that 81% of the total drive space is currently unused. Look at the Average Fragments Per File number of 1.04 and this tells you that approximately 4% of the files on the drive are in two or more pieces. My experience has been that when this number reaches 1.05 the message in the quick analysis window (Fig. 02) will recommend defragmenting the drive. The bottom pane, Most Fragmented Files, lists the files in descending order that are the most fragmented.

In spite of the recommendation not to defragment this particular disk, I went ahead and clicked the Defragment button. The results of that choice are shown above (Fig. 04) in the Estimated Disk Usage After Defragmentation section. The graphical representation clearly shows that not only have the red lines depicting fragmented files been eliminated, many of the contiguous files indicated by the blue have been repositioned toward the beginning of the drive, reducing the amount of searching the drive heads have to do to locate a file. The drive in this example is not a system drive, nor does it have a paging file which would be indicated by the lime green Unmovable Files color.

After the defragmentation process completes, clicking the View Report button will bring up the Defragmentation Report (Fig. 05). It takes the exact same form as the Analysis Report (Fig. 03) but shows the post defragmentation results. The Total Files and Average File Size remain identical, but notice that Total Fragmented Files and Total Excess Fragments have been reduced to zero (0) and the Average Fragments Per File is now 1.00, indicating most or all of the files are contiguous. In addition, there are no files listed that did not defragment.

Scandisk

2008-04-12T07:48:00.002-07:00

Scandisk is a utility that Windows provides which you can use to scan your hard disk for errors caused by improper shut-downs, viruses, and other problems.

Using scandisk to scan and correct errors to your Windows computer can fix damage caused to critical Windows files, improving system performance in the process.

Follow these steps to scan a disk for bad sectors:

Press the START button.
Click MY COMPUTER.
Highlight the disk which you want to scan for bad sector on the list of Hard Disk Drives.
Open the FILE menu and select PROPERTIES
Select the TOOLS tab.
Click the CHECK NOW button.

+These scan disk instructions are for Windows 2000 and Windows XP.

Check Disk

2008-04-12T07:48:00.001-07:00

|
Disk Errors

Before you run Check Disk, we strongly recommend backing up any important files you keep on your PC. If there's indeed a bad sector or other corruption on your hard disk, Check Disk might not be able to recover certain files as it attempts to fix the problem.

You can run Check Disk directly from the Start menu:

1. Click Start, click My Computer, and then right-click the local disk you want to check (usually, this is drive C).

2. Click Properties, and then click Tools.

3. Under Error-checking, click Check Now.... Make sure both check boxes are selected, then click Start.

4. Because Check Disk needs exclusive access to some Windows files, it will display a dialog box asking you whether you'd like to run Check Disk the next time you restart your PC. Click Yes.

5. Click Start, then Shut Down.

6. From the dropdown menu, select Restart, then click OK. Once your PC restarts, Check Disk will begin running.

Run Check Disk

If you use your PC daily, we recommend running Check Disk weekly. You can do this automatically with Windows Scheduler:

1. On the Start menu, click Control Panel.

2. In Control Panel in Classic View, double-click Scheduled Tasks.

3. Double-click Add Scheduled Task. The Scheduled Task Wizard appears. Click Next.

4. Check Disk isn't available within the scroll-down list. You'll need to select it manually. Click Browse. Then navigate to windows\system32\chkdsk.exe. Select chkdsk.exe and click Open.

5. The Scheduled Task Wizard prompts you to define the frequency for chkdsk.exe to run. Select Weekly and click Next.

6. You're then asked to select the time and day you want this task to start. Select a time you won't likely be using your computer. Make sure this start time differs from any other tasks you've scheduled.

7. Enter your user name and password (the one you use when you need to log on to your computer). Click Next.

8. A wizard page appears, telling you you've successfully scheduled Check Disk to run and confirming the start time. Click Finish to have Windows automate this task.

Disk Clean Up Utility

2008-04-12T07:47:00.004-07:00

To keep a PC running smoothly, regular maintenance is critical. Many users shy away from maintenance tasks, thinking it is a long, drawn out manual affair, but the Disk Cleanup Utility can easily determine which files on a hard drive may no longer be needed and delete those files. In addition to freeing up potentially significant amounts of hard drive space, using Disk Cleanup on a regular basis can significantly improve system performance.

Starting Disk Cleanup

Disk Cleanup is available on both Home and Professional versions of XP. The utility can be accessed in any of the methods listed below.

Click Start | Programs | Accessories | System Tools | Disk Cleanup
Click Start | Run and in the Open box type cleanmgr and click OK
In Windows Explorer or My Computer, right-click the disk in which you want to free up space, click Properties, click the General tab, and then click Disk Cleanup.

Use the drop down menu arrow to select the drive you want to clean.

Click [OK] and Disk Cleanup will analyze the selected drive to determine the amount of space that can be freed.

Once the drive analysis is complete a list of file categories will be presented for your selection.

Instead of automatically proceeding with cleanup once the drive analysis is complete, Disk Cleanup allows you to review the categories of files that can be deleted. Click on any of the categories to display more information relative to that category in the Description section of the window. If you're unsure if you want to delete the files in a category from the description, use the [View Files] button. A complete list of files scheduled for deletion will be displayed in Windows Explorer. Use drag and drop to move any files you want to save to a safe location and leave the category selected. If all the files are to be saved, close the window and then remove the checkmark from the file category so it will not be included in the disk cleanup. After all the categories have been reviewed, click [OK] to begin the disk cleanup process.

Disk Clean Up Utility

2008-04-12T07:47:00.003-07:00

Starting Disk Cleanup

Disk Cleanup is available on both Home and Professional versions of XP. The utility can be accessed in any of the methods listed below.

Click Start | Programs | Accessories | System Tools | Disk Cleanup
Click Start | Run and in the Open box type cleanmgr and click OK
In Windows Explorer or My Computer, right-click the disk in which you want to free up space, click Properties, click the General tab, and then click Disk Cleanup.

Use the drop down menu arrow to select the drive you want to clean.

Click [OK] and Disk Cleanup will analyze the selected drive to determine the amount of space that can be freed.

Once the drive analysis is complete a list of file categories will be presented for your selection.

Disable USB Autorun

2008-04-12T07:47:00.001-07:00

Some worms and trojans spreads by creating autorun.inf on removable media drives. To prevent being infected with compromised USB Drives, instruction below was created to disable running of autorun files.

Click the Start button, then Run and enter “gpedit.msc” without the quotes
Go to Computer Configuration -> Administrative Templates -> System
Scroll down to “Turn off Autoplay” and double click on it
Click on the “Enabled” radio button, then for “Turn off Autoplay on” select “All drives”

This will now prevent any virus from auto executing itself through a USB drive.

Other option:

Open Windows Explorer or press the Windows + “e” key.
Right-click the drive of the USB Drive. Then select Properties. Drive Properties will appear.
Select the AutoPlay tab.
Choose Select an Action to Perform
At the bottom of the selection, click Take no Action, then click Apply.
Click OK to exit Drive Properties.

Note: To disable automatically running device, press and hold down one of the SHIFT key while device' inserted.

Disable CDROM Autorun

2008-04-12T07:46:00.000-07:00

To enable or disable automatically running CD-ROMs, you must edit the registry:

1.	Click Start, click Run, type regedit in the Open box, and then press ENTER.
2.	Locate and click the following registry key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\CDRom
3.	To disable automatically running CD-ROMs, change the Autorun value to 0 (zero). To enable automatically running CD-ROMs, change the Autorun value to 1.
4.	Restart your computer.

Note: To disable automatically running device, press and hold down one of the SHIFT key while device' inserted.

Remove Automatic Appearance of Password in Password Box

2008-04-12T07:45:00.000-07:00

Readjust and turn off the AutoComplete settings so that the browser will not remember any more login name or password. To modify your settings for the AutoComplete feature and clean all items from the list of form or password suggestions, just follow the steps below:

1. Go to Tools menu and click on the Internet Options

2. Click the Content tab and choose “AutoComplete” under Personal Information.

3. Click the appropriate AutoComplete check boxes, or click Clear Forms or Clear Passwords to clear all saved items from the appropriate AutoComplete history

4. Click OK to complete the task.